Concept Library

Chloramphenicol, Latanoprost, and Hypromellose with Dextran were the most dispensed ophthalmic agents in New Zealand between 2012 and 2021.

Travoprost was prescribed more among prostaglandin analogues (PGAs) in the East of England between 2019 and 2024.

Bimatoprost was prescribed more among prostaglandin analogues (PGAs) in the North East of England between 2019 and 2024.

Latanoprost was most readily prescribed among prostaglandin analogues (PGAs) in the South West and South East regions of England between 2019 and 2024.

Branded and preservative-free prostaglandin analogue (PGA) prescribing, in preference to a generic equivalent, resulted in an additional cost of approximately £54 million in England between 2019 and 2024.

A broad trend towards generic prostaglandin analogue (PGA) prescribing was identified in England between 2019 and 2024.

The total cost for prostaglandin analogue (PGA) prescribing over 5 years (2019-2024) in England was £166 million for 21.9 million prescriptions.

The all-polymer microfluidic theranostic smart contact lens (AP-TSCL) demonstrated pressure-triggered delivery of timolol or brimonidine above preset thresholds in in vitro (artificial eye model), ex vivo (enucleated bovine eyes), and in vivo (rabbit ocular hypertension) studies.

Eyes treated with beta-blockers prior to selective laser trabeculoplasty (SLT) showed a greater reduction in intraocular pressure (IOP) compared to other groups.

QLS-111, administered in combination with timolol, or in preservative-free fixed-dose combination (FDC) with latanoprost, lowered intraocular pressure (IOP) by up to an additional 2.4 mmHg compared to effects observed with QLS-111, latanoprost, or timolol alone.

In a discrete choice experiment (DCE) completed by 2445 eye drop-treated patients from Danish national registries, 25% had previously discontinued treatment with intraocular pressure-lowering eye drops due to adverse effects.

In a discrete choice experiment (DCE) completed by 2445 eye drop-treated patients from Danish national registries, more females than males reported currently experiencing adverse effects (48% vs. 35%) from intraocular pressure-lowering eye drops.

A discrete choice experiment (DCE) completed by 2445 eye drop-treated patients (24% response rate; 55% male; median age: 67 years) from Danish national registries showed that moderate acute discomfort and non-persistent cosmetic changes were the least important adverse effects of intraocular pressure-lowering eye drops to patients.

A discrete choice experiment (DCE) distributed to 10,000 eye drop-treated patients aged 40-75 years from Danish national registries, with 2445 patients completing the DCE, revealed that severe blurred vision, persistent cosmetic changes, and persistent discomfort were the adverse effects of intraocular pressure-lowering eye drops that exhibited the highest levels of disutility for patients.

There were fewer eyelash (0.0% vs 3.0%, P = .003) and eyelid/orbital side effects (0.0% vs 2.8%, P = .013) with Omidenepag isopropyl (OMDI) compared to prostaglandin F (FP) receptor agonists.

The incidence of conjunctival hyperemia (14.0% vs 6.8%) and corneal changes (6.7% vs 3.3%) were higher in the Omidenepag isopropyl (OMDI) group compared to prostaglandin F (FP) receptor agonists (P < .05).

Overall ocular adverse events (AEs) were higher in patients treated with Omidenepag isopropyl (OMDI) compared to prostaglandin F (FP) receptor agonists (RR = 1.16, 95% CI [0.94 to 1.43], P = .170), becoming significant with the exclusion of one study (RR = 1.46, 95% CI [1.17 to 1.83], P < .001).

A systematic review and meta-analysis of 17 studies (n = 3294 eyes) found no significant difference in intraocular pressure (IOP) reduction between Omidenepag isopropyl (OMDI) and prostaglandin F (FP) agonists (WMD = 0.28 mmHg, 95% CI [-0.09 to 0.65], P = .144).

Synergy was observed with prostaglandin F2α analog (PGFA) plus carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (CAI) (-2.05 mmHg) in intraocular pressure reduction, suggesting a promising avenue for new combinations.

Component network meta-analysis revealed antagonism between prostaglandin F2α analog (PGFA) plus β-adrenergic blockers (BAB) (1.26 mmHg) and PGFA plus rho-kinase inhibitors (ROCKI) (0.84 mmHg) in intraocular pressure reduction.

Prostaglandin F2α analog (PGFA)-based combinations demonstrated the greatest intraocular pressure (IOP) reduction, ranging from -7.41 to -5.81 mmHg, with PGFAs plus carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (CAIs) ranking highest among these combinations.

Among monotherapies, nitric oxide-donating prostaglandin analogs (NO-PGA) were the most effective in reducing intraocular pressure (IOP) with a reduction of -5.15 mmHg (95% confidence interval: -6.18 to -4.11 mmHg), followed by prostaglandin F2α analogs (PGFAs) with -4.75 mmHg (-5.19 to -4.31 mmHg) and E-prostanoid receptor 2 (EP2) agonists with -3.50 mmHg (-4.27 to -2.73 mmHg).

Intravitreal (IVT) miniaturized injectable delivery system (MIDS) devices engineered for zero-order release of timolol maleate lowered intraocular pressure (IOP) by 18.1 ± 2.6% (n = 6, P < 0.001) at 8 weeks in normotensive rabbit eyes.

Intracameral (IC) miniaturized injectable delivery system (MIDS) devices engineered for zero-order release of timolol maleate lowered intraocular pressure (IOP) by 11.1 ± 2.9% (n = 5, P = 0.019) at 8 weeks in normotensive rabbit eyes.

Preoperative high serum hemoglobin (Hb), high serum C-reactive protein (CRP), usage of brimonidine tartrate, high biomechanical intraocular pressure, high stress-strain index, and low time to maximal displacement of whole eye movement measured by Corvis ST were significant risk factors for postoperative high Goldmann applanation tonometry (GAT)-IOP after microhook ab interno trabeculotomy (TLO).

Preoperative high hemoglobin (Hb), high C-reactive protein (CRP), use of brimonidine tartrate, and high corneal resistance factor (CRF) measured by Ocular Response Analyzer (ORA) were significant risk factors for postoperative high Goldmann applanation tonometry (GAT)-IOP after microhook ab interno trabeculotomy (TLO), in addition to type of glaucoma.

Dunn's test showed that aflibercept levels in the aqueous humor were significantly higher in cases using inflow drugs (e.g., carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, beta-blockers, and alpha-2 agonists) compared to both controls (P = 0.0085) and cases using outflow drugs (e.g., prostaglandin analog) (P = 0.044) at 1 month after the first intravitreal aflibercept (IVA) injection.

Mean aflibercept levels in the aqueous humor (AH) in cases using inflow drugs (e.g., carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, beta-blockers, and alpha-2 agonists) were 15.95 µg/mL (interquartile range: 7.20-22.57) at 1 month after the first intravitreal aflibercept (IVA) injection.

A systematic review of 27 publications established a link between prostaglandin analogues (with or without preservatives) and ocular surface damage in patients with glaucoma, despite noted inconsistencies in methodologies and assessment across studies.

Comparisons within a systematic review of 27 publications suggested better tolerance and outcomes with preservative-free options over prostaglandin analogues for patients with glaucoma.

A systematic review of 27 publications revealed a correlation between prostaglandin analogue use and ocular surface damage, assessing parameters such as tear break-up time, Schirmer test value, ocular surface staining, hyperaemia score, and meibomian gland characteristics.

All cases of increased intraocular pressure (IOP) in eyes treated with the dexamethasone intracanalicular insert were managed with short-term topical β-blockers and subsided in patients with clinically significant aqueous-deficient dry eye.

The most common adverse events with the travoprost intraocular implant included iritis (fast-eluting: 0.5%; slow-eluting: 5.1%), ocular hyperemia (fast-eluting: 3.0%; slow-eluting: 2.6%), reduced visual acuity (fast-eluting: 1.0%; slow-eluting: 4.1%; timolol: 0.5%), and increased intraocular pressure (fast-eluting: 3.5%; slow-eluting: 2.6%; timolol: 2.1%) in patients with open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension.

Study eye adverse events (AEs), mostly of mild or moderate severity, were reported in 21.5% of patients in the fast-eluting travoprost intraocular implant group (n = 200), 27.2% in the slow-eluting travoprost intraocular implant group (n = 197), and 10.8% in the timolol ophthalmic solution 0.5% group (n = 193) in patients with open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension.

The intraocular pressure (IOP)-lowering efficacy of both fast-eluting and slow-eluting travoprost intraocular implant groups was statistically and clinically noninferior to that of the timolol ophthalmic solution 0.5% group, with the upper limit of the 95% confidence interval of the difference between the implant groups and the timolol group being < 1 mmHg at all 6 time points, in patients with open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension.

The mean intraocular pressure (IOP) reduction from baseline over 6 time points ranged from 6.6 to 8.4 mmHg for the fast-eluting travoprost intraocular implant group (n = 200), from 6.6 to 8.5 mmHg for the slow-eluting travoprost intraocular implant group (n = 197), and from 6.5 to 7.7 mmHg for the timolol ophthalmic solution 0.5% twice daily group (n = 193) in patients with open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension.

Both SPECTRUM 4 and 3 studies reported more ocular adverse events (AEs) with omidenepag isopropyl (OMDI) 0.002% but lower rates of appearance-altering AEs compared to timolol 0.5% in patients with glaucoma or ocular hypertension.

Omidenepag isopropyl (OMDI) 0.002% achieved noninferiority to timolol 0.5% in reducing intraocular pressure (IOP) at 3 months in patients with glaucoma or ocular hypertension in the SPECTRUM 4 study.

Among perioperative intraocular pressure (IOP) lowering medications, intracameral cholinergics or fixed-combination carbonic anhydrase inhibitor-beta-blocker (FCCB) formulations showed the largest effect in reducing postoperative IOP at both 2-8 hours and 12-24 hours following uncomplicated phacoemulsification.

In a double-blind, randomized clinical trial of 63 untreated Chinese patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and ocular hypertension, the morning dosing group of latanoprost/timolol fixed-combination (LTFC) had a significantly greater decrease in diurnal intraocular pressure (IOP) fluctuation (2.04  2.32 mm Hg) than the evening dosing group (0.50  1.70 mm Hg) (P = 0.012).

In a double-blind, randomized clinical trial of 63 untreated Chinese patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and ocular hypertension, a significant difference in intraocular pressure (IOP) reduction from baseline was observed at the 9:30 AM time point between evening dosing (4.01  2.62 mm Hg) and morning dosing (2.42  3.23 mm Hg) of latanoprost/timolol fixed-combination (P = 0.048), favoring evening dosing.

In a double-blind, randomized clinical trial of 63 untreated Chinese patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and ocular hypertension, both morning (8 AM) and evening (8 PM) dosing of latanoprost/timolol fixed-combination (LTFC) significantly reduced posttreatment intraocular pressure (IOP) values compared to baseline at each 24-hour measuring time point.

Preservative-free (PF) latanoprost does not increase the release of the inflammatory markers interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8, unlike benzalkonium chloride (BAK)-preserved latanoprost.

Benzalkonium chloride (BAK)-preserved travoprost is cytotoxic in a time-dependent manner to conjunctival goblet cells, while Polyquad®-preserved travoprost does not affect goblet cell survival at any measured time point.

Preservative-free (PF) latanoprost is not cytotoxic and does not affect the MUC5AC expression pattern in primary cultured human conjunctival goblet cells (GCs).

Benzalkonium chloride (BAK)-preserved latanoprost is cytotoxic to primary cultured human conjunctival goblet cells (GCs) and results in a scattered expression of MUC5AC, in contrast to negative controls where MUC5AC is localized around the cell nucleus.

A systematic review and meta-analyses investigating potential differences in efficacy and safety between benzalkonium chloride (BAK)-preserved and BAK-free anti-glaucomatous eye drops found no significant differences in efficacy (IOP-lowering effect) between BAK-preserved and BAK-free eye drops.

A 62-year-old woman with glaucoma was successively trialed on fixed combination brimonidine-timolol, dorzolamide, and netarsudil, in addition to latanoprost, but her IOP remained in the mid- to upper 20s in both eyes.