Concept Library

In the primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) subgroup of postmenopausal women aged ≥50 years in Finland, estrogen-only hormonal replacement therapy (HRT) users showed a significant increased risk (adjusted OR, 1.31 [95% CI, 1.10-1.56]) in a nested-case-control study involving 1096 cases and 5480 age-matched controls.

In postmenopausal women aged ≥50 years in Finland, combined estrogen-progesterone hormonal replacement therapy (HRT) users had an increased risk of glaucoma (adjusted OR, 1.19 [95% CI, 1.01-1.39]) in a nested-case-control study involving 1096 cases and 5480 age-matched controls.

In postmenopausal women aged ≥50 years in Finland, progestogen-only hormonal replacement therapy (HRT) users had an increased risk of glaucoma (adjusted OR, 1.25 [95% CI, 1.02-1.53]) in a nested-case-control study involving 1096 cases and 5480 age-matched controls.

In postmenopausal women aged ≥50 years in Finland, estrogen-only hormonal replacement therapy (HRT) users had an increased risk of glaucoma (adjusted OR, 1.33 [95% CI, 1.17-1.52]) in a nested-case-control study involving 1096 cases and 5480 age-matched controls.

The use of any postmenopausal hormonal replacement therapy (HRT) was associated with an increased risk for the development of glaucoma in 6576 postmenopausal women aged ≥50 years in Finland, after adjustment for confounding factors.

Chronic phosphodiesterase type-5 inhibitor (PDE-5i) use was associated with a lower hazard of developing glaucoma suspect (GS) and open-angle glaucoma (OAG) over 1-, 2-, and 3-years of follow-up in men with erectile dysfunction.

Cox proportional models in a multicenter, retrospective cohort study of male adults aged ≥40 years with erectile dysfunction demonstrated reduced hazards for open-angle glaucoma (OAG) at 1 year (aHR 0.76; 95% CI, 0.71-0.81; p<0.01), 2 years (0.79; 0.75-0.83; p<0.01), and 3 years (0.84; 0.79-0.88; p=0.01) with phosphodiesterase type-5 inhibitor (PDE-5i) use.

Cox proportional models in a multicenter, retrospective cohort study of male adults aged ≥40 years with erectile dysfunction demonstrated reduced hazards for glaucoma suspect (GS) at 1 year (aHR 0.78; 95% CI, 0.75-0.81; p<0.01), 2 years (0.89; 0.86-0.93; p<0.01), and 3 years (0.94; 0.90-0.97; p=0.01) with phosphodiesterase type-5 inhibitor (PDE-5i) use.

In a multicenter, retrospective cohort study of male adults aged ≥40 years with erectile dysfunction, the development of open-angle glaucoma (OAG) was less frequent among phosphodiesterase type-5 inhibitor (PDE-5i) users at 1 year (2.13% vs 3.22%, p<0.01), 2 years (3.00% vs 3.80%, p<0.01), and 3 years (3.88% vs 4.28%, p=0.04) after propensity score matching.

In a multicenter, retrospective cohort study of male adults aged ≥40 years with erectile dysfunction, the development of glaucoma suspect (GS) status was less frequent among phosphodiesterase type-5 inhibitor (PDE-5i) users at 1 year (6.49% vs 9.73%, p<0.01), 2 years (9.27% vs 10.86%, p<0.01), and 3 years (11.17% vs 12.06%, p=0.01) after propensity score matching.

In a prospective-longitudinal population-based study of 826 elderly white subjects, alcohol consumption was inversely associated with the development of incident open-angle glaucoma (p=0.030).

In a prospective-longitudinal population-based study of 826 elderly white subjects, increased hours of sleep were inversely associated with the development of incident open-angle glaucoma (p=0.043).

In a prospective-longitudinal population-based study of 826 elderly white subjects, a history of heart attack was associated with incident open-angle glaucoma (p=0.002).

In a prospective-longitudinal population-based study of 826 elderly white subjects, higher intraocular pressure (IOP) was associated with incident open-angle glaucoma (p<0.001).

In a prospective-longitudinal population-based study of 826 elderly white subjects, baseline pseudoexfoliation (PEX) was associated with incident open-angle glaucoma (p=0.002).

Dysfunction of the glymphatic system in the CNS and eye may be a unifying pathogenesis among neurodegeneration, glaucoma, and age-related macular degeneration (AMD).

Both expert neuro-ophthalmologist graders and artificial intelligence deep learning (DL) models demonstrated excellent performance for classifying retinal images of subjects with elevated and normal intracranial pressure (ICP) using images with or without masking the optic nerve head (ONH).

The performance of grader 1 (neuro-ophthalmologist) was significantly reduced (P = 0.02) by optic nerve head (ONH) masking when classifying subjects with elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) and papilledema versus control subjects.

There was no significant effect of optic nerve head (ONH) masking on the performance of the artificial intelligence deep learning (DL) model (P = 1.0) and grader 2 (neuro-ophthalmologist) (P = 0.38) in classifying subjects with elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) and papilledema versus control subjects.

The classification performance of the artificial intelligence deep learning (DL) model and neuro-ophthalmologist graders did not significantly differ for both ONH-unmasked and ONH-masked retinal image datasets (P ≥ 0.38) in classifying subjects with elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) and papilledema versus control subjects.

For ONH-masked retinal images, the classification accuracies for subjects with elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) and papilledema versus control subjects were 79% (AUC = 0.90) for the artificial intelligence deep learning (DL) model, 66% for grader 1 (neuro-ophthalmologist), and 76% for grader 2 (neuro-ophthalmologist).

For ONH-unmasked retinal images, the classification accuracies for subjects with elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) and papilledema versus control subjects were 83% for the artificial intelligence deep learning (DL) model, 93% for grader 1 (neuro-ophthalmologist), and 86% for grader 2 (neuro-ophthalmologist).

The association between intraocular pressure (IOP) and myopia or axial length (AL) became progressively less positive with increasing age in school-age Chinese children.

In school-age Chinese children aged <10 years, a higher baseline intraocular pressure (IOP) correlated with greater myopic refraction (P = 0.02), but this correlation was not significant in older children (P = 0.19).

There was no significant within-subject change in intraocular pressure (IOP) between baseline and 3-year follow-up (P = 1.00) in school-age Chinese children.

Central-corneal thickness (CCT) and sex most significantly influenced intraocular pressure (IOP) in school-age Chinese children, based on a retrospective cohort study of 12,914 participants (25,823 eyes).

In school-age Chinese children, a higher intraocular pressure (IOP) was significantly associated with thicker central-corneal thickness (CCT, standardised-regression coefficient (SRC): 0.28, P < 0.001), female gender (SRC: 0.18, P < 0.001), longer axial length (AL, SRC: 0.08, P < 0.001), deeper anterior chamber (SRC: 0.06, P < 0.001), higher mean-keratometry reading (SRC: 0.04, P < 0.001), higher spherical equivalent (SRC: 0.04, P = 0.002), higher body-mass-index (SRC: 0.03, P < 0.001), higher age (SRC: 0.02, P = 0.02), and smaller White-to-White (SRC: -0.03, P < 0.001).

The average intraocular pressure (IOP) in school-age Chinese children from a large-scale longitudinal study was 14.94 ± 3.13 mmHg for those ≤6 years, 15.31 ± 2.93 mmHg for 7-9 years, 15.57 ± 2.85 mmHg for 10-12 years, and 16.12 ± 2.85 mmHg for those >12 years (P < 0.001).

In a retrospective cohort study of 992 eyes that underwent trabeculectomy with mitomycin-C (MMC), Asian ethnicity mitigated against the development of clinical hypotony (OR: 0.29, CI: 0.10-0.72, P =0.015) after trabeculectomy.

Patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) were at a higher risk of developing ocular hypertension or primary open-angle glaucoma compared with those with any stage of non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR).

T2DM patients with diabetic retinopathy had a 2.62-fold increased lifetime risk of developing primary open-angle glaucoma (95% CI: 2.37-2.89) compared to T2DM patients without diabetic retinopathy.

T2DM patients with diabetic retinopathy had a 2.651-fold increased lifetime risk of developing ocular hypertension (95% CI: 2.412-2.915) compared to T2DM patients without diabetic retinopathy.

T1DM patients with diabetic retinopathy showed a 4.262-fold increased lifetime risk of developing primary open-angle glaucoma (95% CI: 1.435-13.255) compared to T1DM patients without diabetic retinopathy.

T1DM patients with diabetic retinopathy showed a 4.966-fold increased lifetime risk of developing ocular hypertension (95% CI: 2.178-11.325) compared to T1DM patients without diabetic retinopathy.

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is significantly associated with ocular hypertension (OHT) and primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) in patients with type 1 (T1DM) or type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

Choroidal thickness in healthy Chinese children aged 7 to 19 years decreased with age, axial length (AL), myopia severity, and lower vertical corneal curvature (K2).

The mean subfoveal choroidal thickness in healthy Chinese children aged 7 to 19 years was 304.11  65.61 m, with the thinnest region located nasally, near the optic nerve.

The mean subfoveal retinal thickness in healthy Chinese children aged 7 to 19 years was 267.69  20.80 m, progressively decreasing toward the temporal periphery, up to 15 mm from the fovea.

Eyes with a history of coded conditions relating to ocular surface disease (OSD) received the dexamethasone intracanalicular (DEX) insert at a higher rate (n = 3311, 32.1%) than eyes without a history of OSD (n = 104,205, 24.5%; P < .0001) in a retrospective cohort study of 10,313 DEX+ eyes and 425,098 DEX- eyes undergoing cataract procedures.

In a population-based Beijing Eye Study 2011 involving 2173 participants, higher smoking pack-years were significantly associated with thinner ganglion cell layer (GCL) (p=0.022; B=-0.01; 95% CI -0.02 to -0.002) after adjusting for age, gender, axial length, education level, and hypertension.

In a population-based Beijing Eye Study 2011 involving 2173 participants, a longer period of cigarette smoking was related to thinner retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) (p=0.011; B=-0.01; 95% CI -0.02 to -0.002) after adjusting for age, gender, axial length, education level, and hypertension.

In a population-based Beijing Eye Study 2011 involving 2173 participants, higher prevalence of cigarette smoking was associated with thinner photoreceptor outer segment layer (POS) (p=0.024; B=-0.38; 95% CI -0.72 to -0.05) after adjusting for age, gender, axial length, education level, and hypertension.

In a population-based Beijing Eye Study 2011 involving 2173 participants, higher prevalence of cigarette smoking was associated with thinner ganglion cell layer (GCL) (p=0.044; B=-0.39; 95% CI -0.78 to -0.01) after adjusting for age, gender, axial length, education level, and hypertension.

In a population-based Beijing Eye Study 2011 involving 2173 participants (mean age: 61.7±8.4 years; mean axial length: 23.1±0.8 mm), higher prevalence of cigarette smoking was associated with thinner whole retina (p=0.024; B=-1.64; 95% CIs -3.07 to -0.22) after adjusting for age, gender, axial length, education level, and hypertension.

The significant increase in iris melanoma incidence over a 79-year study period in Denmark was primarily driven by inferior iris tumours, which are most exposed to the sun, supporting the hypothesis that UVR plays a pathogenic role in iris melanoma development.

Age-period-cohort analysis of iris melanoma in Denmark revealed a sharp increase in incidence after age 65 years for both inferior and superior tumours, while the calendar period effect showed increases only for inferior iris melanomas.